微波消解-ICP-AES法对电镀金层杂质元素含量测定的不确定度评价

采用微波消解-ICP-AES法测定了电镀金层中杂质元素的含量,并按照JJF1059—1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》对测量过程中对各种因素导致的不确定度进行评定。分析了测量不确定度分量的主要来源,对各不确定度分量进行了评定和计算。结果表明以微波消解-ICP-AES法测定电镀金层中杂质元素的含量时,测量不确定度主要由标准溶液的浓度、标准曲线非线性、测量重复性、仪器稳定性引入。通过对不确定度的评定,可以保证分析结果的准确性。     

聚四氟乙烯纤维中杂质分离技术研究

以HNO3＋H2O2为消解液对载体纺丝法制得的聚四氟乙烯纤维进行微波消解,结果样品回收率约为97．91％,说明烧结残留的载体杂质含量约为2．09％,样品由棕色变为通体白色半透明,结合电镜图片证明杂质基本去除完全。处理后的纤维强度无明显变化,平均伸长率则明显提高。     

Environmental aspects of the use of NTA as a detergent builder

The behaviour, fate and significance of the detergent builder nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) has been reviewed with particular reference to the removal of NTA during wastewater treatment and the effects of NTA on heavy metal solubility both during treatment and in the receiving environment. It is concluded that NTA removal during secondary biological treatment is subject to considerable variation, both temporal and between works as a result of changes in NTA load, temperature, water hardness and treatment process parameters. As a result of such variability, effluent NTA concentrations may be sufficient to mobilise heavy metals resulting in metal contamination of receiving waters and potable waters, particularly in areas of low effluent dilution and high water re-use. Removal of NTA during primary sedimentation and septic tank treatment is concluded to be predominantly due to adsorption to the sludge solids while removal in anaerobic sludge digestion is subject to operational characteristics of the treatment works. Disposal of NTA contaminated sludge to land may contaminate groundwaters and affect heavy metal speciation, while the disposal of contaminated sludge or sewage to sea may result in toxic algal blooms, in addition to effects on metal speciation.     

Dynamic modelling of anaerobic digestion

The anaerobic digestion model presented here considers a two step process. First, acidogenic bacteria convert glucose into acetate then methanogenic bacteria convert this acid into methane and carbon dioxide. The biomass and metabolite production rates are described by distinct relations. Therefore, there is not a direct relationship between the growth and the energy production related to metabolite formation. The inhibitory effects of the unionized acid concentration on growth rate of both bacterial populations and the methane production from acetate were considered separately. The model was tested in batch cultures with two types of organic loads, i.e. pea bleaching wastewaters and a synthetic substrate containing sucrose and organic acid. The model allowed to simulate satisfactorily the methane production under very different operational conditions.     

Model selection, identification and validation in anaerobic digestion: a review

Anaerobic digestion enables waste (water) treatment and energy production in the form of biogas. The successful implementation of this process has lead to an increasing interest worldwide. However, anaerobic digestion is a complex biological process, where hundreds of microbial populations are involved, and whose start-up and operation are delicate issues. In order to better understand the process dynamics and to optimize the operating conditions, the availability of dynamic models is of paramount importance. Such models have to be inferred from prior knowledge and experimental data collected from real plants. Modeling and parameter identification are vast subjects, offering a realm of approaches and methods, which can be difficult to fully understand by scientists and engineers dedicated to the plant operation and improvements. This review article discusses existing modeling frameworks and methodologies for parameter estimation and model validation in the field of anaerobic digestion processes. The point of view is pragmatic, intentionally focusing on simple but efficient methods.     

污泥嗜热菌好氧消化与传统高温好氧消化的效果对比

在65℃的条件下利用嗜热菌消解城市污水处理厂的剩余污泥，并与传统高温好氧消化的效果进行了对比。结果表明：在有嗜热菌存在的条件下污泥的消化效果更好，对TSS、VSS的去除率分别可达55％和65％，而传统高温好氧消化的仅为40％和50％。嗜热菌好氧消化技术为城市污水处理厂提供了一种新的污泥减量化方法，使得剩余污泥“零排放”成为可能。     

THE EFFECTS OF IMPROVING SEWAGE SLUDGE DIGESTION

A model was developed and tested to investigate the effects of various parameters on the processing costs of anaerobic digestion. The model was based on empirical data collected from full-scale plants which varied in size from 35,000 to 900,000 population equivalents. (Equivalent to loading rates of 0.5 to 2.7 kg VS/m³/d.) In spite of different operating regimes and conditions of the plants analysed, various relationships were discovered between: sludge quality and volatile solids destruction; sludge quality and biogas yield; and, effluent volatile solids and dewatering. Where correlations existed, these were used to make predictions on operating costs of the digestion and dewatering plant based on sensitivity analysis. The results of the model were used to make recommendations on how to optimise the operation of an anaerobic digestion plant.     

硫酸盐对抗生素废水厌氧生物处理的影响

采用水解酸化反应器与复合厌氧反应器组合工艺处理高浓度抗生素废水 ,试验结果表明 ,水解酸化反应器最大容积负荷可达 16 .84kgCOD/ (m3·d) ,有效降低了毒性物质的抑制作用 ;复合厌氧反应器最大容积负荷可达 8.5 7kgCOD/ (m3·d) ;系统进水最大SO2 - 4浓度为 132 5mg/L ,COD/SO2 - 4值最低为 3,COD与SO2 - 4的总去除率分别为 75 .5 %和 95 .2 % ,对各种抑制物质和冲击负荷表现出很好的适应性。试验证明 ,水解酸化—厌氧消化工艺可以有效消除SO2 - 4对厌氧处理的影响 ,对于处理高浓度抗生素废水是经济可行的     

Modelling of two-stage anaerobic digestion using the IWA Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1)

The aim of the study presented was to implement a process model to simulate the dynamic behaviour of a pilot-scale process for anaerobic two-stage digestion of sewage sludge. The model implemented was initiated to support experimental investigations of the anaerobic two-stage digestion process. The model concept implemented in the simulation software package MATLAB/Simulink is a derivative of the IWA Anaerobic Digestion Model No.1 (ADM1) that has been developed by the IWA task group for mathematical modelling of anaerobic processes. In the present study the original model concept has been adapted and applied to replicate a two-stage digestion process. Testing procedures, including balance checks and 'benchmarking' tests were carried out to verify the accuracy of the implementation. These combined measures ensured a faultless model implementation without numerical inconsistencies. Parameters for both, the thermophilic and the mesophilic process stage, have been estimated successfully using data from lab-scale experiments described in literature. Due to the high number of parameters in the structured model, it was necessary to develop a customised procedure that limited the range of parameters to be estimated. The accuracy of the optimised parameter sets has been assessed against experimental data from pilot-scale experiments. Under these conditions, the model predicted reasonably well the dynamic behaviour of a two-stage digestion process in pilot scale.     

Anaerobic stabilisation and conversion of biopolymers in primary sludge--effect of temperature and sludge retention time

The effect of sludge retention time (SRT) and process temperature on the hydrolysis, acidification and methanogenesis of primary sludge was investigated in completely stirred tank reactors (CSTRs). The CSTRs were operated to maintain SRTs of 10, 15, 20 and 30 days at process temperatures of 25 degrees C and 35 degrees C. The rates of hydrolysis and the biodegradability of primary sludge were assessed in batch reactors incubated at 15 degrees C, 25 degrees C and 35 degrees C. The results revealed that the major amount of sludge stabilisation occurred between 0 and 10 days at 35 degrees C and 10 and 15 days at 25 degrees C. Hydrolysis was found to be the rate limiting-step of the overall digestion process, for the reactors operated at 35 degrees C and 25 degrees C, except for the reactor operated at 10 days and 25 degrees C. At the latter conditions, methanogenesis was the rate-limiting step of the overall digestion process. Proteins hydrolysis was limited to a maximum value of 39% at 30 days and 35 degrees C due to proteins availability in the form of biomass. The biodegradability of primary sludge was around 60%, and showed no temperature dependency. The hydrolysis of the main biopolymers and overall particulate COD of the primary sludge digested in CSTRs were well described by first-order kinetics, in case hydrolysis was the rate-limiting step. Similarly, the hydrolysis of the overall particulate COD of the primary sludge digested in batch reactors were described by first-order kinetics and revealed strong temperature dependency, which follows Arrhenius equation.